Maternal chronic PPD (all symptom measures) showed positive associations (FDR < 0.01) with bacterial genera from phylum Proteobacteria, with potential pathogens, in infants. Infant fecal samples were collected at the age of 2.5 months and analyzed with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. HCC was measured from a five cm segment at gestational week 24 (n = 115), thus covering the early and mid-pregnancy. A measure addressing the chronicity of PPD was composed separately for each questionnaire. Maternal PPD was measured with standardized questionnaires (EPDS, SCL, PRAQ-R2, Daily Hassles) three times during pregnancy (n = 398). The study population was drawn from FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. In the current study, we aim to investigate the associations between maternal prenatal psychological distress (PPD) and hair cortisol concentration (HCC) with infant fecal microbiota composition in a large prospective human cohort. Alterations in the composition and function of infant intestinal microbiota may mediate some of the observed health effects, a viewpoint that is supported by animal studies along with a small human study showing that exposure to prenatal stress modifies the offspring's intestinal microbiota. Maternal prenatal stress associates with infant developmental outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood. 10 FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.9 FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.8 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.7 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.6 FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.5 FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 4 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Microbiome Biobank, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.3 Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.Electronic address: 2 FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. 1 FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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